Metabolic syndrome is a serious health condition that affects about 23 percent of adults and places them at higher risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, stroke and diseases related to fatty buildups in artery walls. Metabolic syndrome or syndrome x was first described in 1988 by gerald reaven, who proposed the existence of a new syndrome characterized by insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and arterial hypertension. Following this description of x syndrome, it became a major subject of research and public health concern. Cardiovascular disease cvd risk factor clustering has been well recognized for decades in both children and adults, but it was not until 1988 when gerald reaven described a specific clustering of cardiometabolic risks as syndrome x that the concept that evolved into the metabolic syndrome mets was born. Other names applied to this constellation of findings have included syndrome x, the insulin resistance syndrome, the deadly quartet, or the obesity. Its actually the term for a cluster of conditions, including abdominal obesity, high triglyceride levels, high fasting blood sugar levels, high blood pressure or low hdl cholesterol. Learn more about causes, risk factors, screening and prevention, signs and symptoms, diagnoses, and treatments for metabolic syndrome, and how to participate in clinical trials. Metabolic syndrome mets, also variously known as syndrome x, insulin resistance, etc. Metabolic syndrome also worsens heart failure, and even when no heart disease is apparent, metabolic syndrome makes a person more likely to develop certain arrhythmias notably, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation or flutter. Pathophysiology of the metabolic syndrome clinics in. Learn more from webmd about the risk factors for this increasingly common syndrome. The growing prevalence of metabolic syndrome mets in the u. In the metabolic syndrome, reduction of visceral fat to normalize the production and secretion of adipocytokines, especially adiponectin, is an effective strategy for prevention of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
They also have known that a lowglycemic load diet, which minimizes sharp increases in blood sugar, works. Reaven and subsequently others postulated that insulin resistance underlies syndrome x hence the commonly used term insulin resistance syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is the term used to describe a set of risk factors for heart disease. This is a major cause of ill health in america as 60 million are affected. Pdf metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions that occur together, increasing your risk of heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes. A dysfunctional hpaaxis causes high cortisol levels to circulate which results in raising glucose and insulin levels which cause insulinmediated effects on adipose tissue, ultimately promoting visceral adiposity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension metabolic syndrome x and direct effects on the bone, causing low turnover. Metabolic syndrome is also often called syndrome x or insulin resistance syndrome. The metabolic syndrome is a combination of metabolic disorders, such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance, compensatory hyperinsulinemia and the tendency to develop fat around the abdomen. Edwards school of medicine, marshall university, usa 2. During the past 20 years, this clustering of metabolic health risks has been known by several names e.
Metabolic syndrome michigan medicine university of michigan. Metabolic syndrome x an overview sciencedirect topics. Role of leptin yet another problem in metabolic syndromeinvolves the phenomenon knownas leptin resistance. This clustering he called syndrome x, and he recognized it as a multiplex risk factor for cvd. The cooccurrence of metabolic risk factors for both type 2 diabetes and cvd abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension suggested the existence of a metabolic syndrome. Other names for the condition include dysmetabolic syndrome, insulin resistance syndrome, and syndrome x. About 34 percent of adult americans are estimated to have it. Metabolic syndrome is a precursor to type 2 diabetes.
Metabolic syndrome mets can be defined as clustering of at least three of five of the following medical conditions. Webmd metabolic syndrome formerly known as syndrome x. Large waist a waistline that measures at least 35 inches 89 centimeters for women and 40 inches. Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of at least three of the five following medical conditions. Introduction metabolic syndrome is a complex disorder and an emerging clinical challenge.
Some normal weight teens can have high blood pressure, diabetes, and heart disease. Ada, who discussed the constellation of metabolic findings of syndrome x, propos. The underlying causes of metabolic syndrome include overweight and obesity, physical inactivity, genetic factors and getting. Metabolic syndrome, syndrome characterized by a cluster of metabolic abnormalities associated with an increased risk for coronary heart disease chd, diabetes, stroke, and certain types of cancer. Risk of developing metabolic syndrome increases as we age. The metabolic syndromeotherwise called syndrome x, insulin resistance syndrome, reaven syndrome, and the deadly quartetis the name given to the aggregate of clinical conditions comprising central and abdominal obesity, systemic hypertension, insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes mellitus, and atherogenic dyslipidemia. Leptin is a hormone that regulates longtermenergy balance in many mammals. About metabolic syndrome american heart association. It is diagnosed when any three of the following five risk factors are present.
Metabolic syndrome, also called syndrome x, is a combination of conditions that raises your risk of diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke. The global epidemic of the metabolic syndrome ncbi. Metabolic syndrome is also sometimes called dysmetabolic syndrome syndrome x, metabolic disease or insulin resistance syndrome. Metabolic syndrome obesity dyslipidemia hypertension cardiovascular risk. Pdf metabolic syndrome x abdominal obesity metabolic. Metabolic syndrome is the name for a group of risk factors for heart disease, diabetes, and other health problems. Metabolic syndrome is a condition that represents a cluster of risk factors. The national institutes of health guidelines define metabolic syndrome as having three or more of the following traits, including traits youre taking medication to control. Metabolic syndrome, also called insulin resistance syndrome or syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is associated with the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. But most teens with metabolic syndrome are overweight. These include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes. Abstract the metabolic syndromeotherwise called syndrome x, insulin resistance syndrome, reaven syndrome, and the deadly quartet is the name given to the aggregate of clinical conditions comprising central and abdominal obesity, systemic hypertension, insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes mellitus, and atherogenic dyslipidemia. Etiology of metabolic syndrome and dietary intervention.
These conditions include increased blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat around the waist, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels. A mediterraneanstyle diet may be the best metabolic. The dash diet with marla hellershows you how to reverse or prevent metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome also referred to as syndrome x or dysmetabolic syndrome refers to an association between certain metabolic disorders and cardiovascular disease. Individuals with the metabolic syndrome are at high risk for atherosclerosis and, consequently, cardiovascular disease. Mets, also labeled as insulin resistance syndrome, syndrome x, hypertriglyceridemic waist, and the deadly quartet, is increasingly being. Check out this video where i discuss metabolic syndrome, also known as syndrome x.
A panel for early detection, management, and risk stratification in the west virginian population krithika srikanthan 1, andrew feyh, haresh visweshwar, joseph i. You can have just one risk factor, but people often have several of them together. A group of metabolic abnormalities that increases the individuals risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. In one study, the presence of four or more metabolic syndrome risk factors was associated with a 3. Metabolic syndrome is defined by a constellation of interconnected physiological, biochemical, clinical, and metabolic factors that directly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2.
People with metabolic syndrome are much more likely to develop chronic health conditions, including. For a number of years, investigators have known that adherence to an overall mediterraneanstyle food pattern significantly reduces the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome, also called insulin resistance syndrome or syndrome x, is a cluster of risk factors that is responsible for much of the excess. Metabolic syndrome is a collection of symptoms that can lead to diabetes and heart disease. Other researchers use the term metabolic syndrome for this clustering of metabolic risk factors. Metabolic syndrome is a group of risk factors high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high triglycerides, low hdl cholesterol, and belly fat that increases risk of heart. Metabolic syndrome x is a group of five risk factors that can increase your chances of developing heart disease, diabetes, and stroke. Metabolic syndrome is a group of risk factors that raises risk of heart disease, diabetes, stroke, and other health problems. An important role of leptin is longterm inhibitionof. Facts the major features of metabolic syndrome are abdominal or. During the ensuing 10 yr, syndrome x and other terms were used to describe the clustering of cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors. The condition was first named syndrome x in 1988 by american endocrinologist gerald reaven, who. These articles are metabolic syndrome, also called insulin resistance syndrome or syndrome x.
Specifically, people who have 3 or more of these symptoms have metabolic syndrome. Around 25% of adults in europe and latin america are estimated to have the. It is considered a multiplex cardiovascular risk factor, in that each component of the cluster of abnormalities is a risk factor in its own right. Metabolic syndrome national heart, lung, and blood. Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions that occur together, increasing your risk of heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes.
Metabolic syndrome x is a group of five risk factors that can. Metabolic syndrome is the name for a group of risk factors that raises your risk for heart disease and other health problems, such as diabetes and stroke. Mets has become a crucial risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus t2d and cardiovascular diseases cvd. Metabolic syndrome x 2008 the prudential insurance company of america 751 broad street, newark, nj 071023777 rx6 ifsa0884 ed. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among adults 20 years of age and over, by sex, age, race and ethnicity, and body mass index. Having three or more specific risk factors, such as high blood pressure or abdominal fat, boosts your risk of type 2 diabetes and heart disease. To be diagnosed with metabolic syndrome, a person must have at least three of the following metabolic risk factors. Metabolic syndrome is a group of conditions increased blood pressure, a high blood sugar level, excess body fat around the waist and abnormal cholesterol levels that occur together, increasing your risk of heart disease, stroke and diabetes. Beyond the basics patient education pieces are longer, more sophisticated, and more detailed. As obesity gets worse, metabolic syndrome becomes more likely. While the criteria for the diagnosis vary, the concept of a clustering of risks factors that lead to cardiovascular disease is well accepted.
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